Compiled from the following sources:
Special biographic research
Wen Wei Publishing Company, Ltd. 2002-2006
Who's Who, Current Chinese Leaders
Wen Wei Publishing Company, Ltd. 2003-2005
Zhongguo Gongchandang Lijie Zhongyang Weiyuan Dacidian, 1921-2003
Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe 2004
China Gate
XINHUA Online (China View)
Revision History:
Biography Revised: 3/19/2013
Career Data Updated: 3/19/2013
Former Member of the 17th CPC Central Committee, Former Member of the 17th CPC Central Military Commission, Former Minister of the Ministry of National Defense